Condition guide
Menopause
The natural end of menstruation, usually between 45 and 55. Perimenopause symptoms can begin years earlier.
51
Average age in the UK
75%
Experience hot flushes
1 in 100
Goes through it before age 40
What it is
Menopause is confirmed after 12 months without a period. The years leading up to it — perimenopause — bring hormonal swings that can cause hot flushes, mood changes, sleep issues and irregular periods. It is a life stage, not a disease, but symptoms can be very treatable.
Infographic
The menopause timeline
Perimenopause → menopause → postmenopause across roughly a decade.
Common symptoms
- Hot flushes and night sweats
- Irregular or missed periods
- Mood changes, anxiety, brain fog
- Vaginal dryness and reduced libido
- Sleep disturbance and fatigue
- Joint aches and weight changes
Causes & risk factors
- Natural decline in oestrogen and progesterone
- Surgical removal of ovaries
- Chemotherapy or radiotherapy
- Premature ovarian insufficiency
Diagnosis
- Diagnosed clinically from symptoms in women over 45
- FSH blood test if under 45 or unclear
- Rule out thyroid disorders
Treatment & management
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy is first-line for most women and protects bones and heart.
Vaginal oestrogen
Local treatment for dryness, soreness and bladder symptoms — safe long term.
Non-hormonal options
SSRIs, CBT, clonidine and lifestyle changes when HRT isn't suitable.
Bone and heart care
Weight-bearing exercise, calcium, vitamin D and screening.
When to seek urgent help
Postmenopausal bleeding (any bleeding 12+ months after your last period) must be assessed urgently.
Frequently asked
Is HRT safe?
For most women under 60, benefits outweigh risks. Discuss your personal profile with a clinician.
How long does menopause last?
Symptoms typically last 4–8 years but can be longer. Treatment can be continued as needed.
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